Impact of Economic Crisis to Nepal?

Source: Wiki Answers.com, ID 3537141287

There is a school of thought, supported by the IMF, that the rest of the world can pull the world economic engine despite the likely slowdown in the US. Current economic data from Europe and Asia support this view. The Fed presented an optimistic outlook for the US economy as recently as August 7 but has now changed its prediction. The housing market slowdown has escalated into a liquidity crisis of global proportion.

I believe that the US economic growth during the rest of 2007 will be lower and led by weakness in consumer spending. Going forward, a consumption-led slowdown in the US economy should have an impact on its trading partners.

The Indian economy has grown at more than 9 per cent in 2005-2006 and projections indicate robust performance in the coming years. India's exports may record a decline if the US slows down. In 2006, roughly 18 per cent of India's exports - about 15 per cent of India's GDP - was directed to the US. The negative impact can be partly offset by exports of services.

As the US slows down, an effort to reduce costs could boost outsourcing of services. The IT sector has made and will make impressive strides. Possible setbacks from weakness in capital spending in the US may be insignificant.

On the financial side, equity markets have posted losses and are likely to move in tandem with events in the US. The Sensex for instance posted declines in 2001 when the US was in a recession. Institutions in India holding US mortgage-related securities are likely to suffer losses. On the credit side, the Indian corporate sector raised about $15 billion from external sources in the first five months of 2007.

At the extreme, Indian corporations could face higher costs of borrowing through this channel due to increasing credit market spreads. Firms would have to tap into the domestic credit market as an alternative, thereby exerting upward pressure on domestic borrowing costs. This could whittle down the economic growth rate.

These are the possible channels through which the US crisis could affect the Indian economy. Precise estimates of these repercussions would need a more thorough analysis, which is premature given the short life of the crisis. In sum, the spill-over effects of the US financial crisis to the Indian economy may not be significant enough to overwhelm the positive economic momentum already in place.

Nepal is as back as Sri Lanka was in 1960, says ADB

Kathmandu, June 15

Asian Development Bank in a study said that Nepal has underperformed all other South Asian economies and is now where Sri Lanka was in 1960.

"In terms of per capita GDP, Nepal is now where Sri Lanka was in 1960, Pakistan was in 1970, and India and Bhutan were in 1980," the ADB said in its latest study.

In 2007, per capita GDP at the 2000 prices for Nepal was estimated at USD 243, compared with USD 439 for Bangladesh, USD 660 for Pakistan, USD 686 for India, USD 1,144 for Sri Lanka, USD 1,277 for Bhutan, and USD 3,668 for Maldives, it said.

The study has also concluded that Nepal have been held back due to weak governance, slow recovery from the civil war, inadequate infrastructure, labour market rigidities and inability to address market failures.

"Moreover, the global recession threatens to drastically reduce the inflows of remittances and tourists," the ADB said in the study "Nepal: Critical Development Constraints" conducted jointed by the Asian Development Bank, DFID & International Labour Organization.

"Economic performance has been lacklustre, despite some important reforms in 1990s and 2000s and reduction in below-the-poverty line population from 42 per cent in 1995-96 to about 31 per cent in 2003-04." highlighted the report.

Cautioning the further deterioration of economy, the ADB said that despite poverty reduction, evidence suggests that Nepal’s recent economic growth has had limited inclusiveness with social, geographical and economic dimensions.

Besides, it said poverty may remain high and climb if the global recession reduces remittances. An emerging concern is the sharp rise in inequality, the bank said. It said expanded employment opportunities may not lead to major poverty reduction unless growth is inclusive and inequalities in access to development opportunities and jobs are reduced.

Overcoming inadequacies in infrastructure and inequalities will need substantial increases in expenditures, requiring creation of fiscal space, the bank said.

"The challenges Nepal faces in achieving its growth potential are compounded by the slow transition from a kingdom to a republic and the related political processes," the study said.

Effective governance, the rule of law, control of corruption, and accountability can climb back to their levels prior to the civil war only after political stability comes, the international lending agency concluded.

Science has a lot to do with common man: says observational scientist

Pralhad Giri

Nainital, March 19

Indian economy is leading its 7 percent growth having a sluggish inflation rate reached in 0.44 percent in March 2009 is what it tries to show significant development indication to the world. Even in the field of scientific development, India has significantly contributed in observational astronomy and research with its well-equipped scientific instruments. This was briefed by Mr. Shashi Bhushan Pandey during the study visit to 20 foreign journalists from different 14 countries to Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) at Manora Peak, Nainital.

The students came there as there observation study as partial fulfilment of their Diploma in Development Journalism, were given a presentation by Mr. Pandey on ARIES's area of work and research activities. 'India has three t-meter class and six 1-meter class optical and near infrared telescopes, are used mainly for photometric and low-to-medium resolution spectroscopic observations of Galactic and extra-galactic sources,' said Pandey. He said further the ARIES was planning to install a 3.6-m modern state-of-the-art optical telescope at the Devasthal near Nainital in the central Himalayan range with the support from Govt. of India. While presenting ARIES's research activities, Pandey highlighted that students from all over India is approaching to ARIES for the research-oriented and post-doctoral courses on astronomy.

Responding to a question from Mr. Chukwudi Ekezie, a Nigerian participant at the group on how the development of astronomy and observational science help solve the problem of a common man, Pandey said that emerging innovating developments on information technology has been backed up astronomy in a great extent, which has been mostly associated with facilitating basic needs of human being. 'Astronomy is although a basic science in its nature of study, but it gives ear to solve the problems of common man. So, it should not be always seen as a core science work.' remarked Pandey adding that science and development issues are interlinked together and India is gaining momentum in the field of development research on observational sciences.

The institute was established in April 20, 1954 later became as State Observatory in Nov.9, 2000 and got its formal name Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) in March 22, 2004. Acronym ARIES is marked by the sun sign of ARIES, and a happy period of fifty golden years of its establishment. The study team inspected major two telescope and other astronomy instruments of the institute during their visit. The team was accompanied by Mr. Prem Singh Manral, Sr. Research Officer of Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC), New Delhi.

Don’t care…it’s our way of life

Pralhad Giri
New Delhi, February 9
(Picture Courtesy: Jenny Williams )

“Hey! What’s you doing?” A businessman said frantically to a girl nearby IIT Bus stop at Hauz Khas. ‘ Le lo sahib! Ek to lelo na….Subah se kuch bhi nahi khaya…le lo na…(Take at least one sir! I haven’t had anything since morning). That’s the touchable moment! One couldn’t help giving her the coin. The girl reveals the fact that it’s a pressure from her family guardians coming to roadside. “I have to make today minimum 50 rupees anyhow,” giggles Reema, the girl. Even obstructing traffic rules have their daily walks of life, when a tinge of sadness suddenly swoons in ecstasy.

To Reema, age of 14 working at the street of South Delhi, traffic light points are the best junction to make her quick buck. Many times she enjoys doing so because of her very abstemious habit yet there are umpteen shadow moments that have made here disappointed. It happened when target is not met. At times, she does chase people riding in their hired auto rickshaw when someone is willing to give money.

It is obvious that vicious circle of poverty especially those families who are unable to provide basic needs of child has propelled them to coming on streets. Displacement of families because of orphaned or abandoned, sent to work in urban centres by parents/guardians, runaway from home due to abuse from family caused by alcoholism, poverty, family breakdown and being allured by traffickers are the some other reasons to turn them into the street.

Paradoxically, many street children in Delhi have frail and feeble voices. A rag picker child when questioned why he is on that job, didn’t reply and ran away. Some answer, whereas many do not think plausible to come on conversation. “They are economically exploited, physically abused, neglected and constantly harassed”, says Abhijit Gupta, an NGO activist. Gupta affirms that concerned stakeholders have either failed to address their situations or implement the related policies.

“Social factors have made them responsible to plunging into the streets. Uneducated guardians do not understand the importance and role of education in shaping the future of the child and nation,” adds Gupta. “Consequently, lack of educated household members retards to make guardians irresponsible towards their children's wellbeing, carrying, studying and other essential development, which stimulates the children to leave their home being uncontrolled.”

The case of child labour is having a startling fact throughout South Asia. According to the vast majority of available literature, the large number of people living in poverty is the immediate cause of high incidence of child labour in the region. Many times children are sent to work when a family crisis occurs such as death of the breadwinner or major illness of a member. Delhi is one of the highest recipients of child domestic workers whereas the equal participation is consumed by roadside area. “There’s a certain freedom in street life. And the children begin to enjoy this. They don’t even realise there’s an option beyond exploitation,” says Bagyashrei Dengle of Plan India, an NGO that works with street children. More than a dozen children throng to the vehicles that stop on a traffic light, with their respective pleas. Unlike their own hobbies and aspirations, many children get used to money-making campaign and grow up in the knowledge that money makes their parents happy.

“There could be better option than this begging. Do you want to change this job?” when question this in their community, many of them were not positioned to change the profession. Reema doesn’t look forward to an option either. “What’s there to do, this is fine,” she shrugs. Her 12 year-old companion Dilip adds, “If I make Rs.200 on a good day, that’s enough.” Even those known the popularity of blockbuster Slumdog Millionaire, these children don’t dream of being millionaires anyway.

While Delhi is not a single Metropolitan for such alarming rate of street children increased. Mumbai, Chennai and Bangalore have also been targeted by the migrant children. Children migrate with their parents and as a result of worst economical condition of parents, get involved into odd jobs. It is being happened more in metro cities like Delhi due to the low level of income in their own home. Major percentages of such children get addicted to use of drugs and their main work is scrap collection or stealing. With girls it is serious issue as rural poor illiterate parents abandon girl child to end up life in brothel or street prostitution and of them some escape to streets begging, scrap collection and finally end up as prostitutes. Unemployment of the members of the family is the solely responsible for fragile domestic economic status of the Indian household which ultimately causes poverty. Economically poor parents are unable to meet the requirements of their children. As a result, they run away from their rural home to urban areas to involved themselves in many work for survival. When they fail to get any employment, they compel to go on street and do the work as worst as they never expected.

भारतमा नेपाली कामदार बिस्तारै बेरोजगार हुँदै

प्रल्हाद गिरी
नयाँ दिल्ली (भारत)

नेपाली कामदारहरु यतिखेर भारतको नयां दिल्लीमा बेरोजगार प्रशस्तै भेटिन्छन् । केही महिना अघिमात्र पिउन, ढोके र विभिन्न घरेलु कामदारहरुमा नेपालीहरुको उल्लेखनीय सहभागिता भएकोमा अहिले त्यो स्वात्तै घटेर गएको छ । केही दिन यता दिल्लीमा भइरहेको श्रृंखलाबद्ध आपराधिक क्रियाकलापमा नेपाली कामदारहरुको संलग्नता भएको देखिएपछि दिल्ली पुलिसले दिल्लीवासीलाई नेपाली कामदार नराख्न सख्त सुझाव दिएको छ । आपराधिक क्रियाकलापमा संलिप्त व्यक्तिलाई प्रहरीले खोजतलाशका क्रममा पूरै विवरण माग्ने भएकोले नेपालीहरुको विवरणका लागि भारतीय प्रहरी नेपाल जानुपर्ने बाध्यता र यसमा समय र श्रम त्यत्तिकै खर्चिनुपर्ने कारणले नेपालीको संलग्नता भएका अपराधिक घटनामा प्रहरीको उति चासो छैन । ''यो कानूनी राज्यको उपहास हो' वसन्त विहार निवासी सुनिल कुमारले भने । घटनामा संलग्न व्यक्तिलाई नेपाली या विदेशी भनेर पन्छिन नमिल्नेको उनको तर्क छ । बढ्दो घटनामा नेपालीलाई संलग्न देखिएपछि प्रहरीका सुझावमा यहांका भारतीयहरुले नेपालीहरुलाई कामबाट निकाल्नका साथै नयां काममा केवल भारतीयहरुलाई मात्र राख्न थालेका छन् ।

नयां दर्ता बन्द
कामदार नियुक्त गर्दै आएका विभिन्न प्लेसमेन्ट एजेन्सीहरुका अनुसार नेपाली कामदारहरुलाई प्रहरीका लागि आवश्यक हुने पहिचानमा निकै समस्या हुन्छ । अधिकांश प्रहरीहरु नेपाली भनेर जांच बेवास्ता गर्छन् । पहिले पहिले नेपालीहरुका लागि भारतीयहरुका लागि यति विश्वसनीय हुन्थ्यो कि तिनलाई परिचय पत्रको आवश्यक नै पर्दैनथ्यो । हरेक साल २० देखि २५ नेपाली कामदार राख्ने नोएडास्थित एक प्लेसमेन्ट एजेन्सीले यस पालि भने एकजना पनि नेपालीको माग नआएको बताउंछ । त्यस्तै गरी लाजपत नगरका एक अन्य कन्सलटेन्सीका अनुसार नेपालीहरुको माग बिलकुलै नभएकोले नेपाली कामदारका लागि दर्ता बन्द गरेका छन् ।

बेरोजगारीको भयावह स्थिति
देशमा माओवादी सशस्त्र दन्ददेखि यता नेपालीहरुको भारतमा ओइरो स्वाभाविक रुपमा बढेको थियो । यस अनुसार भारतीय शहरहरुमा नेपालीहरुलाई काम पाउन कुनै गाह्रो थिएन । तर, परिवर्तित समयमा आतंकवाद तथा अन्य आपराधिक कारणले भारतीयहरुले नेपालीहरुलाई कम रुचाएको कारण भारतमा नेपालीहरुको बेरोजगारी बढ्दो छ । तनहूं दुलेगौंडाका रमेश अधिकारी केही दिन अघिमात्र दिल्लीको पहाडगंज आएका थिए । उनले भने पन्ध्र दिन भयो आएको तर कुनै पनि काम पाइएको छैन । शायद नेपालीहरुप्रति भारतीयहरुको घृणा बढेर होला । यसको ठाडो असरमा नेपालबाट आउने सुरक्षा गार्डमा कार्यरत नेपालीहरुलाई पनि परेको छ । केही दिन नेपालमा भएको पशुपतिनाथ मन्दिरमा भारतीय पूजारी हटाउने प्रकरणले पनि कतिपय भारतीयहरुको नेपालप्रतिको मन अमिलो भएको छ । उनीहरु झट्टै नेपाली रुचाइहाल्न चाहंदैनन, जवाहरलाल नेहरुका प्राध्यापक पुष्पेश पंतले भने । नेपालमा भारत विरोधी गतिविधि कायम रहे तथा नेपालस्थित भारतीयहरुलाई न्यायोचित व्यवहार भएन भने त्यसको असर यहां कार्यरत बीस लाख भन्दा बढी नेपालीहरुलाई पर्नसक्छ । पन्तले चेतावनीका शैलीमा भने ।

विश्वव्यापी असर
विश्व परिवेशमा आइरहेको महामन्दीबाट एकातिर विकसित देशहरुले पनि कामदार कटौती गरिरहेका अवस्था अहिलेको छ भने अर्कोतिर औद्योगिक स्तरमा भारतले ठूलो फड्का मारिरहेको बेला स्वयं भारतीयहरु पनि बेरोजगारहरु भइरहेको अर्थमा नेपालीहरुलाई जानाजानी बेरोजगार भने गर्न नचाहेको भारतीय व्यापारीहरुको भनाई छ । केहीले त नेपाल र भारतको संस्कृति र भाषा आफ्नै जस्तै भएकोले नेपालीहरुलाई भारतीय जत्तिकै माया गर्ने गरेको बताएका छन् । उनीहरुले नेपालीहरुले अपराधिक क्रियाकलापमा भाग लिएकोमा दुःख व्यक्त गर्दै भारतमा रहेको नेपाली समाज र नेपाल सरकारले पनि यसमा ध्यान दिनुपर्ने कुरा बताउंछन् ।

बेरोजगारी अति आश्चर्य जनक रुपले बढ्नेः आइएलओ

'विश्वव्यापी आर्थिक संकटका कारण संसारभर बेरोजगार हुनेहरुको संख्यामा आगामी दिनमा अत्यधिक रुपले वृद्धि हुनेछ । अहिले रोजगारमा रहेकाहरु पनि आगामी दिनमा बेरोजगारीको चपेटामा आउनेछन् ।' यस कुराको खुलासा अन्तर्राष्टिय श्रम संगठन (आइएलओ) द्वारा भर्खरै जारी गरिएको वाषिर्क प्रतिवेदनमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ । प्रतिवेदन विश्वमा कायम रहेको विद्यमान बेरोजगारप्रति लक्षित रहेको छ । रिपोर्टका अनुसार सन् २००९ को अन्त्यसम्म बेरोजगारी व्यक्तिहरुको संख्या सन् २००७ को तुलनामा १.८ करोडदेखि ३ करोडसम्म बढ्नेछ । यति मात्र होइन, स्थिति झनै खराब भएमा यो तथ्यांकले ५ करोड पनि नाघ्न सक्छ ।

प्रतिवेदनमा भनिएको छ, 'विकासोन्मुख अर्थव्यवस्थाहरुमा २० करोड श्रमिकको आयस्तर खस्कँदा उनीहरु अत्यन्त गरिबीको स्थितिमा पुग्नेछन् ।' आइएलओका महानिर्देशक जोन सोभामियाले जेनेभाबाट जारी बयानमा भनेका छन् 'हाम्रो सन्देश वास्तविकताको धरातलमा छ । हामी कसैलाई डराउन चाहन्नौ । यो समयमा हामी विश्व रोजगार संकटको सामना गरिरहेको छौं । धेरै देशका सरकारहरुले यस कुरालाई निकै नजिकबाट बुझेका छन् र यसको समाधानका लागि उनीहरु लागि पनि परेको छन् । तर यो स्थितिबाट निजात पाउनका लागि ठोस निर्णायक र आपसी सहयोगका माध्यमबाट कठिन कदम उठाउनुपर्ने हुन्छ ।'

रिपोर्ट अगाडि भन्छ, नोभम्बर २००८ को आइएमएफको तथ्यांक अनुसार सन् २००९ मा विश्वव्यापी बेरोजगारीको दर बढेर २००७ को ५.७ प्रतिशतबाट ६.१ प्रतिशतसम्म पुग्नेछ । यसका कारण सन् २००७ को तुलनामा सन् २००९ मा विश्वव्यापी बेरोजगारीको संख्यामा १.८ करोडले वृद्धि हुने अवश्यम्भावी छ । यदि स्थिति अत्यन्तै प्रतिकूल भएमा तथ्यांक ६.५ प्रतिशतमा पुग्नेछ र सन् २००९ को वर्षा सन् २००७ को तुलनामा ३ करोडका संख्याले बेरोजगारी बढ्नेछ ।

आइएलओद्वारा जारी सो प्रतिवेदनले उसैले गत वर्ष अक्टूबर महिनामा तयार पारेको तथ्यांकहरुलाई सही देखाइरहेको देखिन्छ । त्यस समयमा आइएलओले २००९ मा संसारभरि बेराजगारहरुको संख्यामा १.५ देखि २ करोडको वृद्धि हुनेछ भनेको थियो । प्रतिवेदनमा लेखिएको कुरालाई ध्यान दिने हो भने स्थिति अनुकुल नभएको स्थितिमा बेरोजगारीको तथ्यांक बढेर ७.१ प्रतिशत सम्म पुग्नेछ । अर्थात् २००९ मा बेरोजगारहरुको संख्यामा ५ करोडले वृद्धि हुनेछ । त्यस्ता व्यक्तिहरु जो ठीक तरिकाले आफ्ना र परिवारका भरणपोषण गर्न सक्दैनन या ती व्यक्तिहरु जसको आय प्रतिदिन दुई डलर छ तिनको संख्या बढेर १.४ अरब हुनेछ । प्रतिवेदनमा भनिए अनुसार रोजगारमा भएका तर बढ्दो आर्थिक संकटमा धनको कमीका कारण सुरक्षा स्थिति नभएका जागिरवालाहरुको संख्या पनि बढ्नेछ ।

संसारभर ठूलो संख्यामा यस्ता श्रम छन् जसको अहिलेसम्म समुचित परिचालन या उपभोग हुन सकेको छैन । यस्ता वर्गमा खास गरी महिला र युवाहरुलाई ध्यान दिनुपर्ने आवश्यकता रहेको बताइएको छ । रिपोर्टको भनाई छ, 'यदि मानिसहरुलाई उत्पादकतायुक्त लगानीभन्दा एउटा राम्रो जागिर प्राप्त हुन्छ भने यसबाट आर्थिक विकासको दर बढ्न सक्नेछ । सन् २००८मा उत्तर अमेरिका र मध्यपूर्वमा बेरोजगारहरुको संख्या सबभन्दा बढी थियो । यसपछिको स्थिति मध्य र दक्षिण पूर्वी युरोप र सब सहारा अफ्रिका र ल्याटिन अमेरिकाको थियो ।' बेरोजगारीको सबैभन्दो तल्लो स्तर पूर्वी एशियामा थियो भने त्यसपछिको अवस्था दक्षिण एशिया र दक्षिण पूर्व एशियाको रहेको पनि आइएलओले जनाएको छ ।

अध्ययनमा बताइए अनुसार सब सहारा र दक्षिण एशिया यस्ता क्षेत्र हुन् जहाँ श्रम बजारको स्थिति भयावह छ । यी क्षेत्रहरुमा रोजगारवाला गरिबहरुको तथ्यांक सबभन्दा बढी छ ।

सत्यम घोटालामा बैंकहरुको पैसा डुबेको छैनः भारतीय गभर्नर

प्रल्हाद गिरी
नयां दिल्ली (भारत)
माघ २६,२०६५

विश्वव्यापी आर्थिक मन्दीका बावजूद भारतमा सत्यम कम्पनीको आर्थिक घोटालालाई लिएर भारतीय कम्पनीहरुको साखप्रति प्रश्न उठिरहेको बेला भारतको केन्द्रीय बैंक रिजर्भ बैंकका गभर्नरले सत्यम काण्डले भारतीय बैंकहरुको पैसा नडुबेकेा कुरा बताएका छन् । गभर्नर डा. डी सुब्बारावले बताए अनुसार अरबौं रुपैयाँको सत्यम काण्डमा सार्वजनिक क्षेत्रका कुनै बैंकका कुनै पूँजी शामिल छैन । सत्यम काण्डमा बैंकहरुको लगानी डुबेको सम्बन्धि संवाददाताको प्रश्नको जवाफमा गभर्नर सुब्बारावले भने - अहिलेसम्मको छानबीनमा कुनै ठूलो पूँजी लगानी गरिएको भेटिएको छैन । मौद्रिक नीतिको प्रथम तीन महिने समीक्षाका लागि आयोजित पत्रकार भेटघाटमा मुम्बईबाट भिडियो कन्फ्रेसिंगका मार्फत सुब्बाराव संवाददाताहरुको प्रश्नको जवाफ दिइरहेका थिए । सत्यम काण्डमा केही बैंकहरुको मामूली लगानी मात्र भेटिएको छ । यसले बैंकहरुको लगानीको भविष्यमा कुनै फरक पार्दैन । सत्यमको लेखापरीक्षक प्राइसवाटर हाउस कूपस्रको बारेमा सोधिएको एक प्रश्नमा डा सुब्बारावले भने - आइसीएआईको छानवीनको प्रतिवेदन प्राप्त भएपछि मात्र रिजर्भ बैंक लेखापरीक्षण संस्थाको भूमिका र भविष्यको बारेमा ध्यानपूर्वक विचार गर्नेछ । उनले उक्त विदेशी लेखापरीक्षण संस्था निकै समय शंकाको घेरामा रहेको र उसलाई एकपटक निलम्बन पनि गरिएको जनाए ।

स्मरणीय छ बैंकिंग प्रणालीमा तरलताको समस्या हटाउन र गैरनिर्माणका क्षेत्रमा बढी भन्दा बढी लगानी बढाउनका लागि भारतीय रिजर्भ बैंकले गत वर्षको अक्टुबरदेखि प्रमुख ब्याज दरमा लगातार कटौति गरिरहेको छ । केन्द्रीय बैंकको यो हस्तक्षेपका कारण रिजर्भ बैंकले अहिलेसम्म जम्मा ३८८० अरब भारतीय रुपैयाँको तरलता बढाएको दाबी गरेको छ । विश्लेषकहरुका अनुसार भारतको अर्थव्यवस्थालाई विश्वव्यापी मन्दीको प्रभावबाट बचाउनका लागि रिजर्भ बैंकले गत अक्टूबरदेखि अहिलेसम्म आफ्नो प्रमुख नीतिगत दरहरुमा चारपल्ट कटौती गरिसकेको छ । चालू आर्थिक वर्षको मुद्रास्फीति दर ५.६४ प्रतिशतलाई ध्यानमा राख्दै बैंकले आफ्नो तीन महिने समीक्षामा रिपो दर ५.५ प्रतिशत बैंक दर ६ प्रतिशत र रिभर्स रिपो दर ४ प्रतिशतमा कुनै परिवर्तन गरेको छैन । त्यस्तै अनिवार्य नगद कोष सिआरआर ५ प्रतिशतमा स्थिर राखेको छ भने अनुमानित बजेट घाटा जीडिपीको २.५ प्रतिशतदेखि बढाएर ५.९ प्रतिशत गरिएको छ ।

तस्वीर: द हिन्दू